Animal Nature Study by Various Animal Nature Study by Various    

Lesson 11: Feathers as Clothing

Performer: LibriVox - Claire Schreuder


'The Robins Build a Nest' from Among the Meadow People by Clara Dillingham Pierson

When Mr. and Mrs. Robin built in the spring, they were not quite agreed as to where the nest should be. Mr. Robin was a very decided bird, and had made up his mind that the lowest crotch of a maple tree would be the best place. He even went so far as to take three billfuls of mud there, and stick in two blades of dry grass. Mrs. Robin wanted it on the end of the second rail from the top of the split-rail fence. She said it was high enough from the ground to be safe and dry, and not so high that a little bird falling out of it would hurt himself very much. Then, too, the top rail was broad at the end and would keep the rain off so well.

"And the nest will be just the color of the rails," said she, "so that even a Red Squirrel could hardly see it." She disliked Red Squirrels, and she had reason to, for she had been married before, and if it had not been for a Red Squirrel, she might already have had children as large as she was.

"I say that the tree is the place for it," said Mr. Robin, "and I wear the brightest breast feathers." He said this because in bird families the one who wears the brightest breast feathers thinks he has the right to decide things.

Mrs. Robin was wise enough not to answer back when he spoke in this way. She only shook her feathers, took ten quick running steps, tilted her body forward, looked hard at the ground, and pulled out something for supper. After that she fluttered around the maple tree crotch as though she had never thought of any other place. Mr. Robin wished he had not been quite so decided, or reminded her of his breast feathers. "After all," thought he, "I don't know but the fence-rail would have done." He thought this, but he didn't say it. It is not always easy for a Robin to give up and let one with dull breast feathers know that he thinks himself wrong.

That night they perched in the maple-tree and slept with their heads under their wings. Long before the sun was in sight, when the first beams were just touching the tops of the forest trees, they awakened, bright-eyed and rested, preened their feathers, sang their morning song, "Cheerily, cheerily, cheer-up," and flew off to find food. After breakfast they began to work on the nest. Mrs. Robin stopped often to look and peck at the bark. "It will take a great deal of mud," said she, "to fill in that deep crotch until we reach a place wide enough for the nest."

At another time she said: "My dear, I am afraid that the dry grass you are bringing is too light-colored. It shows very plainly against the maple bark. Can't you find some that is darker?"

Mr. Robin hunted and hunted, but could find nothing which was darker. As he flew past the fence, he noticed that it was almost the color of the grass in his bill.

After a while, soft gray clouds began to cover the sky. "I wonder," said Mrs. Robin, "if it will rain before we get this done. The mud is soft enough now to work well, and this place is so open that the rain might easily wash away all that we have done."

It did rain, however, and very soon. The great drops came down so hard that one could only think of pebbles falling. Mr. and Mrs. Robin oiled their feathers as quickly as they could, taking the oil from their back pockets and putting it onto their feathers with their bills. This made the finest kind of waterproof and was not at all heavy to wear. When the rain was over they shook themselves and looked at their work.

"I believe," said Mrs. Robin to her husband, "that you are right in saying that we might better give up this place and begin over again somewhere else."

Now Mr. Robin could not remember having said that he thought anything of the sort, and he looked very sharply at his wife, and cocked his black head on one side until all the black and white streaks on his throat showed. She did not seem to know that he was watching her as she hopped around the partly built nest, poking it here and pushing it there, and trying her hardest to make it look right. He thought she would say something, but she didn't. Then he knew he must speak first. He flirted his tail and tipped his head and drew some of his brown wing-feathers through his bill. Then he held himself very straight and tall, and said, "Well, if you do agree with me, I think you might much better stop working here and begin in another place."

"It seems almost too bad," said she. "Of course there are other places, but——"

By this time Mr. Robin knew exactly what to do. "Plenty of them," said he. "Now don't fuss any longer with this. That place on the rail fence is an excellent one. I wonder that no other birds have taken it." As he spoke he flew ahead to the very spot which Mrs. Robin had first chosen.

She was a very wise bird, and knew far too much to say, "I told you so." Saying that, you know, always makes things go wrong. She looked at the rail fence, ran along the top of it, toeing in prettily as she ran, looked around in a surprised way, and said, "Oh, that place?"

"Yes, Mrs. Robin," said her husband, "that place. Do you see anything wrong about it?"

"No-o," she said. "I think I could make it do."

Before long another nest was half built, and Mrs. Robin was working away in the happiest manner possible, stopping every little while to sing her afternoon song: "Do you think what you do? Do you think what you do? Do you thi-ink?"

Mr. Robin was also at work, and such billfuls of mud, such fine little twigs, and such big wisps of dry grass as went into that home! Once Mr. Robin was gone a long time, and when he came back he had a beautiful piece of white cotton string dangling from his beak. That they put on the outside. "Not that we care to show off," said they, "but somehow that seemed to be the best place to put it."

Mr. Robin was very proud of his nest and of his wife. He never went far away if he could help it. Once she heard him tell Mr. Goldfinch that, "Mrs. Robin was very sweet about building where he chose, and that even after he insisted on changing places from the tree to the fence she was perfectly good-natured."

"Yes," said Mrs. Robin to Mrs. Goldfinch, "I was perfectly good-natured." Then she gave a happy, chirpy little laugh, and Mrs. Goldfinch laughed, too. They were perfectly contented birds, even if they didn't wear the brightest breast feathers or insist on having their own way. And Mrs. Robin had been married before.

    Animal Nature Study by Various Animal Nature Study by Various    

Lesson 11: Feathers as Clothing

Performer: LibriVox - Claire Schreuder

Directions

Study the lesson for one week.

Over the week:

  • Read the story.
  • Review the animal synopsis.
  • Study the vocabulary words.
  • Learn the concepts.
  • Complete the enrichment activities.
  • Study the review questions.

Synopsis

This lesson covers birds and their feathers. Unlike people, birds don't wear clothing to keep themselves warm and dry. Instead, birds grow feathers to protect themselves from the rain, snow, wind, and cold. Bird feathers have three parts: the shaft, barbs, and fluff. The feathers on the backs and chests of birds overlap like shingles, keeping the bird dry by enabling rainwater to easily run off. As birds preen their plumage, they further waterproof themselves by applying a special oil to their feathers.

Vocabulary

Preen: Straighten and clean its feathers with its beak.
Plumage: A bird's feathers collectively.
Shaft: The stem of the feather which gives it strength.
Barbs: The projections from the stem toward the end of the feather, making the thin, fanlike portion of the feather.
Fluff: The soft and downy part of feathers near to the body of the fowl.
Habitat: The natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism.
Climate: The weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period.
Temperate Climate: A moderate climate often with cool or cold winters and warm summers.
Tropical Climate: A hot climate that often has a wet season and a dry season.
Arid Climate: A climate with a severe lack of water and vegetation.
Arctic Climate: A climate with frigid winters and cool summers.

Concepts

Second grade science focuses on learning about animals. Did you know that animals include not only mammals such as cats and dogs, but also robins, clams, minnows, snakes, spiders, frogs, whales, turtles, lizards, and bugs?

Birds are one type of animal. Key characteristics of birds include an ability to fly, wings, beaks, and feathers (although not all birds fly such as penguins and ostriches).

Facts about feathers:

  1. Feathers grow from the skin of a bird and protect the bird from rain, snow, wind, and cold.
  2. Feathers on a bird's back and breast overlap like shingles on a house, so that the rain drips off and leaves the bird's underclothing quite dry. Compare the photo of the shingle-like feathers on the back of the parakeet to the photo of the house shingles.

Each bird feather consists of three parts: the shaft, the barbs, and the fluff.

  1. The shaft is the stem of the feather, and gives it strength.
  2. The soft fluff helps to keep the bird warm and is comparable to our underclothing.
  3. The smooth, overlapping web of barbs forms a rain and wind-proof outer coat.

Types of feathers include down and pin-feathers.

  1. Down is a feather with no quill.
  2. Young chicks are covered with down.
  3. A pin-feather is simply a young feather rolled up in a sheath, which bursts later and is shed.

Did you know that many birds apply a special waterproofing oil to their feathers?

  1. The oil gland is on the back of the bird, just at the base of the tail feathers.
  2. The bird squeezes the gland with its beak to get the oil and then rubs the beak over the surface of its back and breast to make the feathers shed water easily.
  3. People on farms sometimes say that when a hen oils her feathers it is a sure sign of rain.

Enrichment

Activity 1: Narrate the Story

  • After reading or listening to the story, narrate the story events aloud using your own words.

Activity 2: Watch a Video of a Bird

Observe the European Robin in the video, and answer the following questions. If you listen hard, you can hear the bird chirping over the sound of the flowing water.

  • Describe the bird's appearance (what does it look like)?
  • Describe the bird's behavior (what does it do)?
  • Describe the bird's habitat (where does it live)?
  • Describe the bird's feathers on its tail, back, head, neck, and chest.

Activity 3: Classify the Animal

  • Birds are animals and vertebrates.
  • Trace which categories birds fit into on the classification chart.

Activity 4: Identify Animals

Identify which of the following are animals:

  • Squirrel
  • Bat
  • Butterfly
  • Deer
  • Dandelion
  • Salmon
  • Rock
  • Rattlesnake
  • Frog
  • Dog
  • Robin
  • Worm
  • Apple Tree
  • Whale

(Answers: Y,Y,Y,Y,N,Y,N,Y,Y,Y,Y,Y,N,Y)

Activity 5: Act Out the Lesson

  • Pretend to be a bird, preening its feathers.
  • Get out your special oil from the gland on your back.
  • Waterproof your feathers by applying your special oil.

Activity 6: Draw and Label the Parts of a Feather   

  • Click the crayon above. Using the above labeled image of a feather as a guide, complete page 25 of 'Science Field Book for Second Grade.'

Activity 7: Take a Nature Walk

Take a nature walk, locate a bird to observe, gather data and notes, and use that information to create a field book entry. Take special care to study the bird's feathers. You may wish to take a pencil and a small notebook to jot down sketches and observations.

Before you take the nature walk, review:

  • The field book template you'll later complete on page 26 of 'Science Field Book for Second Grade.'
  • The suggested list of observations below.

Behavioral observations include:

  • Which noises does the bird make? Does it chirp, call, or sing?
  • How does the bird move?
  • How does the bird eat?
  • What does the bird eat?
  • How does the bird clean itself?

Habitat observations include:

  • In what type of climate does the bird live (e.g. temperate, tropical, arid, arctic)?
  • In what type of house does the bird live?

Appearance observations include:

  • What feathers does the bird wear?
  • What colors are the feathers?
  • What colors are the beak and feet?

Activity 8: Complete a Field Book Entry   

  • Click the crayon above. After your nature walk, complete page 26 of 'Science Field Book for Second Grade.'

Review

Question 1

Are the feathers arranged on the backs and breasts of birds more like puzzle pieces or do they overlap like shingles on a roof?
1 / 8

Answer 1

Feathers on the backs and breasts of birds are arranged like shingles on a roof. This allows the water to run off their backs and keeps the birds warm and dry.
1 / 8

Question 2

Are both ends of a grown bird's back feathers alike? If not, what is the difference?
2 / 8

Answer 2

The soft and downy part of feathers are near to the body of the bird. The part farther away from the body consists of barbs branching off a central quill.
2 / 8

Question 3

Is the fluffy part of a grown bird's feather on the outside of the feather or on the inside next to the bird's skin? What is its use?
3 / 8

Answer 3

The fluffy part of a feather is next to the bird's skin. The fluffy part of the feather helps to keep the bird warm.
3 / 8

Question 4

Why is the smooth part of the feather (the web) on the outside?
4 / 8

Answer 4

The outside parts of feathers are smooth to help birds shed water off their backs and breasts.
4 / 8

Question 5

How do some birds keep their feathers oily and glossy so they will shed water?
5 / 8

Answer 5

Some birds produce a special oil. They spread this oil over their feathers to more easily shed water.
5 / 8

Question 6

Where do birds get their oil?
6 / 8

Answer 6

The birds get their oil from a gland on their backs.
6 / 8

Question 7

Describe how a bird oils its feathers.
7 / 8

Answer 7

The bird squeezes their gland with its beak to get the oil and rubs the beak over its back and breast.
7 / 8

Question 8

Do some birds oil their feathers before a rain?
8 / 8

Answer 8

Yes, certain birds, such as hens, do oil their feathers before a rain.
8 / 8

  1. Are the feathers arranged on the backs and breasts of birds more like puzzle pieces or do they overlap like shingles on a roof? Feathers on the backs and breasts of birds are arranged like shingles on a roof. This allows the water to run off their backs and keeps the birds warm and dry.
  2. Are both ends of a grown bird's back feathers alike? If not, what is the difference? The soft and downy part of feathers are near to the body of the bird. The part farther away from the body consists of barbs branching off a central quill.
  3. Is the fluffy part of a grown bird's feather on the outside of the feather or on the inside next to the bird's skin? What is its use? The fluffy part of a feather is next to the bird's skin. The fluffy part of the feather helps to keep the bird warm.
  4. Why is the smooth part of the feather (the web) on the outside? The outside parts of feathers are smooth to help birds shed water off their backs and breasts.
  5. How do some birds keep their feathers oily and glossy so they will shed water? Some birds produce a special oil. They spread this oil over their feathers to more easily shed water.
  6. Where do birds get their oil? The birds get their oil from a gland on their backs.
  7. Describe how a bird oils its feathers. The bird squeezes their gland with its beak to get the oil and rubs the beak over its back and breast.
  8. Do some birds oil their feathers before a rain? Yes, certain birds, such as hens, do oil their feathers before a rain.

References

  1. Comstock, Anna Botsford and Gordon, Eva L., Handbook of nature-study (Twenty-fourth edition). Ithaca, New York Comstock Publishing Company, Inc, 1911.